UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 8-K

CURRENT REPORT

PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of report (Date of earliest event reported): May 29, 2020

UPJOHN INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 733-2323

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.405) or Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.12b-2).

Emerging growth company  ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

In connection with the planned combination (the “Combination”) of Pfizer’s global, primarily off-patent branded and generic established medicines business (the “Upjohn Business”) and Mylan N.V. (“Mylan”), Upjohn Inc. (the “Company”) is providing the following information: (i) the audited combined financial statements and related notes of the Upjohn Business as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, which is furnished as Exhibit 99.1 to this Current Report and (ii) the related management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations of the Upjohn Business, which is furnished as Exhibit 99.2 to this Current Report.

The information in this Item 2.02, including Exhibits 99.1 and 99.2, of this Current Report on Form 8-K (this “Current Report”) is being “furnished” and shall not be deemed to be “filed” by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that Section, nor shall it be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or the Exchange Act.

The only information contained in this Current Report being filed for the purposes of Rule 425 under the Securities Act is the information relating solely to the Combination contained in Item 2.02 of this Current Report, which information is incorporated by reference into this Item 8.01.

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Forward-Looking Statements

This communication contains “forward-looking statements”. Such forward-looking statements may include, without limitation, statements about the Combination, the expected timetable for completing the Combination, the benefits and synergies of the Combination, future opportunities for the combined company and products and any other statements regarding Pfizer’s, Mylan’s, the Upjohn Business’s or the combined company’s future operations, financial or operating results, capital allocation, dividend policy, debt ratio, anticipated business levels, future earnings, planned activities, anticipated growth, market opportunities, strategies, competitions, and other expectations and targets for future periods. Forward-looking statements may often be identified by the use of words such as “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “project,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect”, “plan”, “estimate”, “forecast”, “potential”, “pipeline”, “intend”, “continue”, “target”, “seek” and variations of these words or comparable words. Because forward-looking statements inherently involve risks and uncertainties, actual future results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to: the parties’ ability to meet expectations regarding the timing, completion and accounting and tax treatments of the Combination; changes in relevant tax and other laws; the parties’ ability to consummate the Combination; the conditions to the completion of the Combination, including receipt of approval of Mylan’s shareholders, not being satisfied or waived on the anticipated timeframe or at all; the regulatory approvals required for the Combination not being obtained on the terms expected or on the anticipated schedule or at all; inherent uncertainties involved in the estimates and judgments used in the preparation of financial statements and the providing of estimates of financial measures, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and related standards or on an adjusted basis; the integration of Mylan and the Upjohn Business being more difficult, time consuming or costly than expected; Mylan’s, the Upjohn Business’s and the combined company’s failure to achieve expected or targeted future financial and operating performance and results; the possibility that the combined company may be unable to achieve expected benefits, synergies and operating efficiencies in connection with the Combination within the expected time frames or at all or to successfully integrate Mylan and the Upjohn Business; customer loss and business disruption being greater than expected following the Combination; the retention of key employees being more difficult following the Combination; Mylan’s, the Upjohn Business’s or the combined company’s liquidity, capital resources and ability to obtain financing; any regulatory, legal or other impediments to Mylan’s, the Upjohn Business’s or the combined company’s ability to bring new products to market, including but not limited to where Mylan, the Upjohn Business or the combined company uses its business judgment and decides to manufacture, market and/or sell products, directly or through third parties, notwithstanding the fact that allegations of patent infringement(s) have not been finally resolved by the courts (i.e., an “at-risk launch”); success of clinical trials and Mylan’s, the Upjohn Business’s or the combined company’s ability to execute on new product opportunities; any changes in or difficulties with Mylan’s, the Upjohn

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Business’s or the combined company’s manufacturing facilities, including with respect to remediation and restructuring activities, supply chain or inventory or the ability to meet anticipated demand; the scope, timing and outcome of any ongoing legal proceedings, including government investigations, and the impact of any such proceedings on Mylan’s, the Upjohn Business’s or the combined company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows; Mylan’s, the Upjohn Business’s and the combined company’s ability to protect their respective intellectual property and preserve their respective intellectual property rights; the effect of any changes in customer and supplier relationships and customer purchasing patterns; the ability to attract and retain key personnel; changes in third-party relationships; actions and decisions of healthcare and pharmaceutical regulators; the impacts of competition; changes in the economic and financial conditions of the Upjohn Business or the business of Mylan or the combined company; the impact of outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics, such as the Covid-19 pandemic; uncertainties regarding future demand, pricing and reimbursement for Mylan’s, the Upjohn Business’s or the combined company’s products; and uncertainties and matters beyond the control of management and other factors described under “Risk Factors” in each of Pfizer’s, Mylan’s and the Company’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These risks, as well as other risks associated with Mylan, the Upjohn Business, the combined company and the Combination are also more fully discussed in the Registration Statement on Form S-4, as amended, which includes a proxy statement/prospectus (as amended, the “Form S-4”), which was initially filed by the Company with the SEC on October 25, 2019 and declared effective by the SEC on February 13, 2020, the Registration Statement on Form 10, as amended, which includes an information statement (as amended, the “Form 10”), which was filed by the Company with the SEC on January 21, 2020, amended on February 6, 2020 and subsequently withdrawn on March 11, 2020, and is expected to be refiled prior to its effectiveness, a definitive proxy statement, which was filed by Mylan with the SEC on February 13, 2020 (the “Proxy Statement”), and a prospectus, which was filed by the Company with the SEC on February 13, 2020 (the “Prospectus”). You can access Pfizer’s, Mylan’s and the Company’s filings with the SEC through the SEC website at www.sec.gov or through Pfizer’s or Mylan’s website, as applicable, and Pfizer and Mylan strongly encourage you to do so. Except as required by applicable law, Pfizer, Mylan and the Company undertake no obligation to update any statements herein for revisions or changes after this communication is made.

Additional Information and Where to Find It

This communication shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities, nor shall there be any sale of securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such jurisdiction. No offer of securities shall be made in connection with the Combination except by means of a prospectus meeting the requirements of Section 10 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. In connection with the Combination, the Company and Mylan have filed certain materials with the SEC, including, among other materials, the Form S-4, Form 10, and Prospectus filed by the Company and the Proxy Statement filed by Mylan. The Form S-4 was declared effective on February 13, 2020 and the Proxy Statement and the Prospectus were first sent to shareholders of Mylan on or about February 14, 2020 in connection with seeking approval of the Combination. The Form 10 has not yet become effective. After the Form 10 is effective, a definitive information statement will be made available to the Pfizer stockholders relating to the Combination. The Company and Mylan intend to file additional relevant materials with the SEC in connection with the Combination. INVESTORS AND SECURITY HOLDERS ARE URGED TO READ DOCUMENTS FILED WITH THE SEC CAREFULLY AND IN THEIR ENTIRETY BECAUSE THEY WILL CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT MYLAN, THE COMPANY AND THE

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COMBINATION. The documents relating to the Combination (when they are available) can be obtained free of charge from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. These documents (when they are available) can also be obtained free of charge from Mylan, upon written request to Mylan, at (724) 514-1813 or investor.relations@mylan.com or from Pfizer on Pfizer’s internet website at https://investors.Pfizer.com/financials/sec-filings/default.aspx or by contacting Pfizer’s Investor Relations Department at (212) 733-2323, as applicable.

Participants in the Solicitation

This communication is not a solicitation of a proxy from any investor or security holder. However, Pfizer, Mylan, the Company and certain of their respective directors and executive officers may be deemed to be participants in the solicitation of proxies in connection with the Combination under the rules of the SEC. Information about the directors and executive officers of the Company following the completion of the Combination may be found in the Form S-4, the Proxy Statement and the Prospectus, and Pfizer’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2020. Information about the directors and executive officers of Pfizer may be found in its Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2020 and its definitive proxy statement relating to its 2020 Annual Meeting filed with the SEC on March 13, 2020, as supplemented by its supplement to proxy statement filed with the SEC on April 7, 2020. Information about the directors and executive officers of Mylan may be found in its amended Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2020, as amended on April 29, 2020, and its preliminary proxy statement relating to its 2020 Annual Meeting filed with the SEC on May 28, 2020. Additional information regarding the interests of these participants can also be found in the Form S-4, the Proxy Statement and the Prospectus. These documents can be obtained free of charge from the sources indicated above.

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

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Exhibit 99.1

Upjohn

(A Business Unit of Pfizer Inc.)

Combined Financial Statements as of December 31, 2019 and 2018

and for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Index to Financial Statements

KPMG LLP

345 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10154-0102

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors of Pfizer Inc.:

Opinion on the Combined Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying combined balance sheets of Upjohn (a business unit of Pfizer Inc.) (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related combined statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively, the combined financial statements). In our opinion, the combined financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

These combined financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these combined financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the combined financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the combined financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the combined financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the combined financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

New York, New York

March 20, 2020

KPMG LLP is a Delaware limited liability partnership and the U.S. member

firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with

KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity.

UPJOHN

(A Business Unit of Pfizer Inc.)

COMBINED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

Amounts may not add due to rounding.

See Notes to Combined Financial Statements, which are an integral part of these statements.

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UPJOHN

(A Business Unit of Pfizer Inc.)

COMBINED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

Amounts may not add due to rounding.

See Notes to Combined Financial Statements, which are an integral part of these statements.

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UPJOHN

(A Business Unit of Pfizer Inc.)

COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS

Amounts may not add due to rounding.

See Notes to Combined Financial Statements, which are an integral part of these statements.

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UPJOHN

(A Business Unit of Pfizer Inc.)

COMBINED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

Amounts may not add due to rounding.

See Notes to Combined Financial Statements, which are an integral part of these statements.

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UPJOHN

(A Business Unit of Pfizer Inc.)

COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Amounts may not add due to rounding.

See Notes to Combined Financial Statements, which are an integral part of these statements.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Business Description

Upjohn (collectively, Upjohn, the Upjohn Business, the business, the company, we, us and our) is a business unit of Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer). We are a China-based global pharmaceutical company with a portfolio of well-established, primarily off-patent branded and generic medicines, including Lyrica, Lipitor, Norvasc, Celebrex and Viagra, as well as a U.S.-based generics platform, Greenstone. Our pharmaceutical products are used to treat non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We commercialize, manufacture and develop pharmaceutical products across a broad range of therapeutic areas, including cardiovascular, pain and neurology, psychiatry, urology and ophthalmology. The accompanying combined financial statements include the accounts of all operations that comprise the Upjohn operations of Pfizer.

Our business and the pharmaceutical industry are characterized by meaningful differences in customer needs across different regions. As a result of these differences, among other things, we manage our commercial operations through three geographic regions: Developed Markets, Greater China and Emerging Markets. For additional information about this operating structure, see Note 18A.

Our revenues are derived from the sale of our pharmaceutical products in approximately 120 countries around the world. The majority of our revenue is generated in the U.S., China and Japan. We sell our products to physicians, patients, pharmacists and retail channels, insurers, government agencies and other healthcare providers.

Around the world, Upjohn manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished dosage forms is performed by a combination of internal and external manufacturing operations. We have eight manufacturing facilities located in Puerto Rico, Singapore, China, Ireland, Turkey, Egypt and Algeria. In 2019, we manufactured about 85% of the volume of active pharmaceutical ingredients for our pharmaceutical products, with the remainder of our active pharmaceutical ingredients manufactured by Pfizer or by third-party partners.

We have developed end-to-end experience across the total product life cycle, which includes global regulatory licensing, launch, growth and post-approval lifecycle management. Our research, development and medical platform seeks to maximize the impact of our existing product portfolio by examining whether there is an opportunity for new indications, label extensions, product formulations, and market registrations for our products. We also use our platform to determine whether there is an opportunity to integrate new products into our portfolio.

On July 29, 2019, Pfizer announced it had entered into a definitive agreement to combine Upjohn with Mylan N.V. (Mylan), creating a new global pharmaceutical company. The name of the new company to be formed by the planned combination of the Upjohn Business and Mylan will be “Viatris.” Under terms of the agreement, which is structured as an all-stock, Reverse Morris Trust transaction, Upjohn is expected to be spun-off or split-off to Pfizer’s shareholders and, immediately thereafter, combined with Mylan. Pfizer shareholders would own 57% of the combined new company, and former Mylan shareholders would own 43%. Upjohn will issue $12 billion of debt in connection with its separation from Pfizer, and the new company will make a cash payment to Pfizer equal to $12 billion as partial consideration for the contribution of the Upjohn Business from Pfizer to the new company. The transaction is generally expected to be tax free to Pfizer and Pfizer shareholders and is expected to close mid-2020, subject to Mylan shareholder approval and satisfaction of other customary closing conditions, including receipt of regulatory approvals.

Pfizer, the Upjohn Business and Mylan are in the process of negotiating the terms on which Pfizer would transfer its Meridian Medical Technologies business (Meridian), the manufacturer of EpiPen^® and other auto-injector products, and/or certain Pfizer assets that currently form part of the Mylan-Japan collaboration for generic drugs in Japan (Mylan-Japan collaboration) to Viatris following the completion of the proposed combination of the Upjohn Business and Mylan. There can be no assurance that any agreement or transaction will result from these negotiations and if the parties are unsuccessful in their efforts to negotiate the terms of such potential transactions, Meridian and/or the Pfizer assets that currently form part of the Mylan-Japan collaboration will remain with Pfizer. The Upjohn Business’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows presented in these combined financial statements and notes thereto do not include the results of operations, assets and liabilities or cash flows of Meridian and the Mylan-Japan collaboration.

Note 2. Basis of Presentation

The combined financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and present the combined balance sheets of Upjohn as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and the related combined statements of income, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows of Upjohn for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019. For operations outside the U.S., the combined financial information is included as of and for the fiscal year ended November 30 for each year presented. All significant intercompany balances and transactions among the legal entities that comprise Upjohn have been eliminated. Balances due from or due to Pfizer that are expected to be cash-settled, if any, are included, depending on the nature of the balance, in Other current

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

assets, Other noncurrent assets, Other current liabilities and Other noncurrent liabilities on the combined balance sheets. All balances and transactions among Upjohn and Pfizer that are not cash-settled are shown as part of Business unit equity on the combined balance sheets and represent the net of amounts settled without payment (to)/from Pfizer. For additional information about balances and transactions among Upjohn and Pfizer, see Note 19.

Certain amounts in the combined financial statements and associated notes may not add due to rounding. All percentages have been calculated using unrounded amounts.

The combined financial statements have been derived from the consolidated financial statements and accounting records of Pfizer and include allocations for direct costs and indirect costs attributable to the operations of the Upjohn business of Pfizer. As part of a Pfizer reorganization beginning in 2019, Upjohn was positioned as a standalone division within Pfizer with distinct and dedicated manufacturing, marketing and other commercial activities, research, development, medical, regulatory and limited enabling functions. As a result, many of the costs for certain support functions that, prior to 2019, were provided to Upjohn on a centralized basis within Pfizer are now, beginning in 2019, incurred directly by Upjohn.

These combined financial statements do not purport to reflect what the results of operations, comprehensive income, financial position, equity or cash flows would have been had we operated as an independent standalone company during the periods presented.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Management believes that the allocations are a reasonable reflection of the services received or the costs incurred on behalf of Upjohn and its operations and that the combined statements of income reflect all costs of the Upjohn Business of Pfizer.

The allocated expenses from Pfizer primarily include:

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The income tax provision/(benefit) in the combined statements of income has been calculated as if Upjohn filed a tax return separate from Pfizer in the various jurisdictions where it does business.

Note 3. Significant Accounting Policies

A. Adoption of New Accounting Standard

Leases—On January 1, 2019, we adopted a new accounting standard for leases and changed our lease policies accordingly. Under the new standard, the most significant change is the requirement of balance sheet recognition of right of use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases. We adopted the new accounting standard utilizing the modified retrospective method using a simplified transition approach, and, therefore, no adjustments were made to our prior period financial statements. We have elected the package of practical expedients for transition which are permitted in the new standard. Accordingly, we did not reassess whether (i) any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases under the new standard, (ii) classification of leases as operating leases or capital leases would be different under the new standard, or (iii) any initial direct costs would have met the definition of initial direct costs under the new standard. Additionally, we did not elect to use hindsight in determining the lease term for existing leases as of January 1, 2019. We recorded noncurrent ROU assets of $21 million and current and noncurrent operating lease liabilities of $21 million as of January 1, 2019.

Adopting the standard related to leases impacted our prior period combined balance sheet as follows:

Adoption of the standard related to leases did not have a material impact on our combined statement of income or combined statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019. For additional information, see Note 3S.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

B. Estimates and Assumptions

In preparing the combined financial statements, we use certain estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures, including amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions. These estimates and underlying assumptions can impact all elements of our combined financial statements. For example, in the combined statements of income, in addition to estimates used in determining the allocations of costs and expenses from Pfizer, estimates are used when accounting for deductions from revenues (such as rebates, sales allowances and sales returns), determining the cost of inventory that is sold, allocating cost in the form of depreciation and amortization and estimating restructuring charges and the impact of contingencies. On the combined balance sheets, estimates are used in determining the valuation and recoverability of assets, such as accounts receivables, inventories, deferred tax assets, fixed assets, goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets and estimates are used in determining the reported amounts of liabilities, such as taxes payable, benefit obligations, accruals for contingencies, rebates, sales allowances and sales returns, and restructuring reserves, all of which also impact the combined statements of income.

Our estimates are often based on complex judgments and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable but that can be inherently uncertain and unpredictable. If our estimates and assumptions are not representative of actual outcomes, our results could be materially impacted.

As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, our estimates and assumptions may prove to be incomplete or inaccurate, or unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that might cause us to change those estimates and assumptions. We are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from estimated amounts, such as changes in demand for our products, competition, litigation, legislation and regulations. We regularly evaluate our estimates and assumptions using historical experience and expectations about the future. We adjust our estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances indicate the need for change. Those changes generally will be reflected in our combined financial statements on a prospective basis unless they are required to be treated retrospectively under relevant accounting standards. It is possible that others, applying reasonable judgment to the same facts and circumstances, could develop and support a range of alternative estimated amounts.

For information on estimates and assumptions in connection with legislation commonly referred to as TCJA, see Note 7A.

C. Acquisitions

Our combined financial statements include the operations of acquired businesses after completion of the acquisitions. We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires, among other things, that most assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date and that the fair value of acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D) be recorded on the balance sheet. Transaction costs are expensed as incurred. Any excess of the consideration transferred over the assigned values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. When we acquire net assets that do not constitute a business, as defined in U.S. GAAP, no goodwill is recognized and any acquired IPR&D is expensed. We did not complete any acquisitions during the periods covered by these combined financial statements.

Amounts recorded in connection with an acquisition can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. For information about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

D. Fair Value

Certain assets and liabilities are required to be measured at fair value, either upon initial recognition or for subsequent accounting or reporting. For example, we use fair value extensively in the initial recognition of net assets acquired in a business combination, when measuring certain impairment losses and when accounting for and reporting of certain financial instruments. Fair value is estimated using an exit price approach, which requires, among other things, that we determine the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly market. The determination of an exit price is considered from the perspective of market participants, considering the highest and best use of non-financial assets and, for liabilities, assuming that the risk of non-performance will be the same before and after the transfer.

When estimating fair value, depending on the nature and complexity of the asset or liability, we may use one or all of the following techniques:

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

These fair value methodologies depend on the following types of inputs:

A single estimate of fair value can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. For information about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

E. Foreign Currency Translation

For most of our international operations, local currencies have been determined to be the functional currencies. We translate functional currency assets and liabilities to their U.S. dollar equivalents at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and we translate functional currency income and expense amounts to their U.S. dollar equivalents at average exchange rates for the period. The U.S. dollar effects that arise from changing translation rates are recorded in Other comprehensive income/ (loss). The effects of converting non-functional currency assets and liabilities into the functional currency are recorded in Other (income)/deductions—net. For operations in highly inflationary economies, we translate monetary items at rates in effect as of the balance sheet date, with translation adjustments recorded in Other (income)/deductions—net, and we translate non-monetary items at historical rates.

F. Revenues and Trade Accounts Receivable

We recorded direct product sales of more than $1 billion for each of two products in 2019 and three products in 2018 and 2017. In the aggregate, these direct product sales represent 52% of our revenues in 2019, 65% of our revenues in 2018 and 61% of our revenues in 2017. These direct product sales are primarily in the Developed Markets and Greater China operating segments. For additional information, see Note 18C. The loss or expiration of intellectual property rights can have a significant adverse effect on our revenues as our contracts with customers will generally be at lower selling prices due to added competition and we generally provide for higher sales returns during the period in which individual markets begin to near the loss or expiration of intellectual property rights. We sell pharmaceutical products after patent expiration and, in limited cases, under patent worldwide.

Revenue Recognition—We record revenues from product sales when there is a transfer of control of the product from us to the customer. We determine transfer of control based on when the product is shipped or delivered and title passes to the customer.

Our products that our patients ultimately use are generally covered under governmental programs, managed care programs and insurance programs, including those managed through pharmacy benefit managers, and are subject to sales allowances and/or rebates payable directly to those programs. Those sales allowances and rebates are generally negotiated, but government programs may have legislated amounts by type of product (e.g., patented or unpatented).

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Specifically:

Our accruals for Medicare rebates, Medicaid and related state program rebates, performance-based contract rebates, chargebacks, sales allowances and sales returns and cash discounts totaled $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2019 and $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2018.

The following table provides information about the balance sheet classification of these accruals:

Amounts recorded for revenue deductions can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. For information about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

Taxes collected from customers relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from Revenues.

Trade Accounts Receivable—Trade accounts receivable are stated at their net realizable value. The allowance against gross trade accounts receivable reflects the best estimate of probable losses inherent in the receivables portfolio determined on the basis of historical experience, specific allowances for known troubled accounts and other current information. Trade accounts receivable are written off after all reasonable means to collect the full amount (including litigation, where appropriate) have been exhausted.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

G. Collaboration Arrangements

Payments to and from our collaboration partners are presented in our combined statements of income based on the nature of the arrangement (including its contractual terms), the nature of the payments and applicable accounting guidance. In collaborative arrangements where we manufacture a product for our collaboration partners, we record revenues when we transfer control of the product to our collaboration partners. In collaboration arrangements where we are the principal in the transaction, we record amounts paid to collaboration partners for their share of net sales or profits earned, and all royalty payments to collaboration partners as Cost of sales. Royalty payments received from collaboration partners are included in Other (income)/deductions—net.

H. Cost of Sales and Inventories

We carry inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of finished goods, work-in-process and raw materials is determined using average actual cost. We regularly review our inventories for impairment and reserves are established when necessary.

I. Selling, Informational and Administrative Expenses

Selling, informational and administrative costs are expensed as incurred. Among other things, these expenses include the internal and external costs of marketing, advertising, shipping and handling, information technology and legal defense.

Advertising expenses relating to production costs are expensed as incurred, and the costs of space in publications are expensed when the related advertising occurs. Advertising and promotion expenses totaled approximately $283 million in 2019, $428 million in 2018 and $501 million in 2017.

Shipping and handling costs, including warehousing expenses, totaled approximately $68 million in 2019, $88 million in 2018 and $61 million in 2017.

J. Research and Development Expenses

Research and development (R&D) costs are expensed as incurred.

K. Amortization of Intangible Assets, Depreciation and Certain Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets include:

Amortization expense related to finite-lived acquired intangible assets that contribute to our ability to sell, manufacture, research, market and distribute products, compounds and intellectual property is included in Amortization of intangible assets as these intangible assets benefit multiple business functions. Amortization expense related to intangible assets that are associated with a single function and depreciation of property, plant and equipment are included in Cost of sales, Selling, informational and administrative expenses and/or Research and development expenses, as appropriate.

We review all of our long-lived assets for impairment indicators throughout the year. We perform impairment testing for indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill at least annually and for all other long-lived assets whenever impairment indicators are present. When necessary, we record charges for impairments of long-lived assets for the amount by which the fair value is less than the carrying value of these assets.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Specifically:

Impairment reviews can involve a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. For information about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

L. Restructuring Charges/(Credits) and Certain Acquisition-Related Costs

We may incur restructuring charges in connection with cost-reduction and productivity initiatives as well as in connection with acquisitions when we implement plans to restructure and integrate the acquired operations. If the restructuring action results in a change in the estimated useful life of an asset, that incremental impact is classified in Cost of sales, Selling, informational and administrative expenses and/or Research and development expenses, as appropriate. Termination costs are generally recorded when the actions are probable and estimable. Transaction costs, such as banking, legal, accounting and other costs incurred in connection with a business acquisition are expensed as incurred. For additional information, see Note 5. We did not complete any acquisitions during the periods covered by these combined financial statements.

Amounts recorded for restructuring charges and other associated costs can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. For information about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

M. Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents include items almost as liquid as cash, such as certificates of deposit and time deposits with maturity periods of three months or less when purchased. If items meeting this definition are part of a larger investment pool, we classify them as short-term investments. We did not have cash equivalents as of December 31, 2018.

N. Tax Assets and Liabilities and Income Tax Contingencies

Tax Assets and Liabilities

Current tax assets primarily include (i) tax effects associated with intercompany transfers of inventory within our combined group, which are recognized in the combined statements of income when the inventory is sold to a third party, as well as (ii) income tax receivables that are expected to be recovered either as refunds from taxing authorities or as a reduction to future tax obligations.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates and laws, including the TCJA enacted in December 2017. We provide a valuation allowance when we believe that our deferred tax assets are not recoverable based on an assessment of estimated future taxable income that incorporates ongoing, prudent and feasible tax-planning strategies that would be implemented, if necessary, to realize the deferred tax assets. All deferred tax assets and liabilities within the same tax jurisdiction are presented as a net amount in the noncurrent section of our combined balance sheet. Amounts recorded for valuation allowances can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. For information about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

Other non-current tax assets primarily represent our estimate of the potential tax benefits in one tax jurisdiction that could result from the payment of income taxes in another tax jurisdiction. These potential benefits generally result from cooperative efforts among taxing authorities, as required by tax treaties to minimize double taxation, commonly referred to as the

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

competent authority process. The recoverability of these assets, which we believe to be more likely than not, is dependent upon the actual payment of taxes in one tax jurisdiction and, in some cases, the successful petition for recovery in another tax jurisdiction.

Other taxes payable in our combined balance sheets as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 includes liabilities for uncertain tax positions and the noncurrent portion of the repatriation tax liability on the deemed repatriated accumulated post-1986 foreign earnings recorded in connection with the TCJA for which we elected, with the filing of our 2018 U.S. Federal Consolidated Income Tax Return, payment over eight years through 2026. For additional information, see Note 7A.

Income Tax Contingencies

We account for income tax contingencies using a benefit recognition model. If we consider that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, based solely on the technical merits of the position, we recognize the benefit. We measure the benefit by determining the amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement, presuming that the tax position is examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information.

Under the benefit recognition model, if our initial assessment fails to result in the recognition of a tax benefit, we regularly monitor our position and subsequently recognize the tax benefit: (i) if there are changes in tax law, analogous case law or there is new information that sufficiently raise the likelihood of prevailing on the technical merits of the position to “more likely than not”; (ii) if the statute of limitations expires; or (iii) if there is a completion of an audit resulting in a favorable settlement of that tax year with the appropriate agency. We regularly re-evaluate our tax positions based on the results of audits of federal, state and local and foreign income tax filings, statute of limitations expirations, changes and clarification in tax law or receipt of new information that would either increase or decrease the technical merits of a position relative to the more-likely-than-not standard. Liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions are classified as current only when we expect to pay cash within the next 12 months. Interest and penalties, if any, are recorded in Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income and are classified in our combined balance sheet with the related tax liability.

Our assessments are based on estimates and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by management, but our estimates of unrecognized tax benefits and potential tax benefits may not be representative of actual outcomes, and variation from such estimates could materially affect our financial statements in the period of settlement or when the statutes of limitations expire, as we treat these events as discrete items in the period of resolution. Finalizing audits with the relevant taxing authorities can include formal administrative and legal proceedings, and, as a result, it is difficult to estimate the timing and range of possible changes related to our uncertain tax positions, and such changes could be significant. For information about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

O. Benefit Plans

Generally, most of our employees are eligible to participate in benefit plans. The combined statements of income include benefit plan expenses attributable to Upjohn, including expenses associated with pension plans, postretirement plans and defined contribution plans. The expenses include allocations of direct expenses as well as expenses deemed attributable to the Upjohn operations. The combined balance sheets include the benefit plan assets and liabilities of only those plans that are sponsored by Upjohn. For additional information, see Note 15.

For Upjohn sponsored plans, we recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of defined benefit plans as an asset or liability in the combined balance sheets. The obligations generally are measured at the actuarial present value of all benefits attributable to employee service rendered, as provided by the applicable benefit formula. Pension obligations may include assumptions such as expected employee turnover, participant mortality, and future compensation levels. Plan assets are measured at fair value. Net periodic pension and postretirement costs other than service costs are recognized, as required, in Other (income)/deductions––net. Net periodic pension and postretirement service costs are recognized, as required, into Cost of sales, Selling, informational and administrative expenses and Research and development expenses, as appropriate.

For Pfizer sponsored plans, the combined balance sheets do not include benefit plan assets and liabilities associated with Upjohn employees participating in plans that are sponsored by Pfizer. The combined statements of income include estimated service cost associated with direct Upjohn employees and an allocation of estimated service cost deemed attributable to Upjohn operations. Service costs are recognized, as required, into Cost of sales, Selling, informational and administrative expenses and Research and development expenses, as appropriate.

Amounts recorded for benefit plans can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. For information about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

P. Legal and Environmental Contingencies

We are subject to numerous contingencies arising in the ordinary course of business, such as patent litigation, product liability and other product-related litigation, commercial litigation, environmental claims and proceedings, government investigations and guarantees and indemnifications. We record accruals for these contingencies to the extent that we conclude that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. If some amount within a range of loss appears to be a better estimate than any other amount within the range, we accrue that amount. Alternatively, when no amount within a range of loss appears to be a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the lowest amount in the range. We record anticipated recoveries under existing insurance contracts when recovery is reasonably assured.

We record accruals for the legal obligations associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets, including obligations under the doctrine of promissory estoppel and those that are conditioned upon the occurrence of future events. These obligations generally result from the acquisition, construction, development and/or normal operation of long-lived assets. We recognize the fair value of these obligations in the period in which they are incurred by increasing the carrying amount of the related asset. Over time, we recognize expense for the accretion of the liability and for the amortization of the asset.

Accruals for direct asset retirement obligations included in Other current liabilities are approximately $3 million as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and included in Other noncurrent liabilities are approximately $47 million as of December 31, 2019 and $46 million as of December 31, 2018.

Amounts recorded for contingencies can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. For information about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

Q. Share-Based Payments

Our compensation programs can include grants under Pfizer’s share-based payment plans. Generally, grants are accounted for at fair value and these fair values are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting terms into Cost of sales, Selling, informational and administrative expenses and/or Research and development expenses, as appropriate.

Amounts recorded for share-based compensation can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. For information about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

R. Business Unit Equity

Total business unit equity represents Pfizer’s equity investment in Upjohn. Recorded amounts may reflect capital contributions and/or dividends or return of capital as well as the results of operations and other comprehensive income/(loss).

S. Leases

On January 1, 2019, we adopted a new accounting standard for leases. For further information, see Note 3A.

We lease real estate, fleet, and equipment for use in our operations. Our leases generally have lease terms of 1 to 10 years, some of which include options to terminate or extend leases for up to 5 years or on a month-to-month basis. We include options that are reasonably certain to be exercised as part of the determination of lease terms. We may negotiate termination clauses in anticipation of any changes in market conditions, but generally these termination options are not exercised. Residual value guarantees are generally not included within our operating leases with the exception of some fleet leases. In addition to base rent payments, the leases may require us to pay directly for taxes and other non-lease components, such as insurance, maintenance and other operating expenses, which may be dependent on usage or vary month-to-month. Variable lease payments amounted to $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. We have elected the practical expedient in the new standard to not separate non-lease components from lease components in calculating the amounts of ROU assets and lease liabilities for all underlying asset classes.

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception of the contract in accordance with guidance detailed in the new standard and we perform the lease classification test as of the lease commencement date. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For operating leases, the ROU assets and liabilities are presented in our combined balance sheet as follows:

Our total lease costs are as follows:

Other supplemental information includes the following:

The table below reconciles the undiscounted cash flows for the first five years and total of the remaining years to the operating lease liabilities recorded in the combined balance sheet as of December 31, 2019:

Prior to our adoption of the new lease standard, rental expense, net of sublease income, was approximately $26 million in 2018 and $30 million in 2017, which includes allocated rent expense of $25 million in 2018 and $29 million in 2017.

As of December 31, 2018, the future minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases follow:

See Note 19 for information about related party operating leases with Pfizer where we are the lessor.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 4. Collaborative Arrangements

In the normal course of business, we enter into collaborative arrangements with respect to in-line medicines as well as medicines in development that require completion of research and regulatory approval. Collaborative arrangements are contractual agreements with third-parties that involve a joint operating activity, typically a research and/or commercialization effort, where both we and our partner are active participants in the activity and are exposed to the significant risks and rewards of the activity. Our rights and obligations under our collaborative arrangements vary. For example, we have agreements to co-promote pharmaceutical products discovered by us and we have agreements where we partner to co-develop and/or participate together in commercializing, marketing, promoting, manufacturing and/or distributing a drug product.

On December 20, 2019, our U.S.-based generics platform, Greenstone, entered into a collaboration agreement with Genzum Life Sciences LLC (Genzum) for an exclusive, royalty-free license to develop, manufacture and commercialize in the United States three complex generic sterile ophthalmic ointment products under development. Under the terms of the agreement, Genzum has sole responsibility to develop and obtain regulatory approval for the three products and we are responsible for all commercialization activities for the three products. In connection with this agreement, we made an upfront payment of $8.5 million to Genzum, which includes a nonrefundable portion of $4.5 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 and a $4 million refundable payment, which was recorded in Other noncurrent assets as of December 31, 2019. Should Genzum fail to achieve regulatory approval on a product-by-product basis on or before December 31, 2021, we are entitled to receive $4 million of the original upfront payment.

In addition to the new collaboration agreement with Genzum for three medicines in development, we have collaboration arrangements with two Japanese pharmaceutical companies that are associated with Lipitor, Celebrex and Lyrica.

The following table provides the amounts and classification of payments (income/(expense)) between us and our collaboration partners:

Note 5. Restructuring Charges/(Credits) and Other Costs Associated with Cost-Reduction/Productivity Initiatives

The combined statements of income include costs associated with Pfizer’s cost-reduction/productivity initiatives. The expenses include direct costs and charges as well as an allocation of indirect costs and charges that have been deemed attributable to Upjohn. The combined balance sheets reflect the accrued restructuring charges directly attributable to the Upjohn operations. In connection with our cost-reduction/productivity initiatives, we typically incur costs and charges associated with site closings and other facility rationalization actions, workforce reductions and the expansion of shared services, including the development of global systems. All operating functions may be impacted by these actions, including sales and marketing, manufacturing and research and development, as well as groups such as worldwide technology, shared services and corporate operations. From 2017 through December 31, 2019, we incurred direct costs of $43 million related to Pfizer’s global cost-reduction/productivity initiatives across the enterprise, which in large part relate to employee termination costs.

2017-2019 Initiatives and Organizing for Growth

During 2018, Pfizer reviewed its business operations and determined that, at the start of its 2019 fiscal year, Pfizer would begin operating under a new commercial structure, which reorganized Pfizer operations into three businesses – Biopharma, a science-based innovative medicines business; Upjohn; and, through July 31, 2019, a Consumer Healthcare business. As part of a Pfizer reorganization beginning in 2019, Upjohn was positioned as a standalone division within Pfizer with distinct and dedicated manufacturing, marketing and other commercial activities, research, development, medical, regulatory and limited

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

enabling functions, which better enables us to optimize our growth potential. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2018, Pfizer reviewed previously planned initiatives and new initiatives to form one cohesive plan. Initiatives for the combined program include activities related to the optimization of the Pfizer manufacturing plant network, the centralization of Pfizer corporate and platform functions, and the simplification and optimization of the operating business structure and functions that support them.

In 2019, we incurred direct restructuring and implementation charges of $140 million. In 2020, we expect to incur approximately $16 million of direct restructuring charges primarily related to employee termination costs to complete restructuring activities associated with the 2017-2019 cost-reduction initiatives. The 2020 restructuring charges are expected to be mostly cash charges and related to the Greater China segment ($14 million) and the Developed Markets segment ($2 million).

Current-Period Key Activities

The components of costs incurred in connection with the Pfizer cost-reduction/productivity initiatives described above follow:

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The components and activity of our direct restructuring charges identified with Upjohn follow:

Note 6. Other (Income)/Deductions—Net

The following table provides components of Other (income)/deductions—net:

Pfizer incurred a net loss of approximately $138 million in 2019 and $999 million in 2017 due to the early retirements of corporate debt, inclusive of the related termination of cross currency swaps. The combined statements of income for those years do not include an allocation of the net losses incurred by Pfizer on the early retirements of corporate debt. Pfizer does not routinely allocate these costs to any of its business units.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 7. Tax Matters

A. Taxes on Income

During the periods presented in the combined financial statements, Upjohn did not generally file separate tax returns, as Upjohn was generally included in the tax grouping of other Pfizer entities within the respective entity’s tax jurisdiction. The income tax provision/(benefit) included in these combined financial statements has been calculated using the separate return basis, as if Upjohn filed a separate tax return.

The components of Income before provision/(benefit) for taxes on income follow:

The components of Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income based on the location of the taxing authorities, follow:

In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded an estimate of certain tax effects of the TCJA, including (i) the impact on deferred tax assets and liabilities from the reduction in the U.S. Federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, (ii) the impact of state income tax considerations, (iii) the $4.3 billion repatriation tax liability on accumulated post-1986 foreign earnings for which we elected, with the filing of our 2018 U.S. Federal Consolidated Income Tax Return, payment over eight years through 2026 and (iv) deferred taxes on basis differences expected to give rise to future taxes on global intangible low-taxed income. In addition, we had provided deferred tax liabilities in the past on foreign earnings that were not indefinitely reinvested. As a result of the TCJA, in the fourth quarter of 2017, we reversed an estimate of the deferred taxes that is no longer expected to be needed due to the change to the territorial tax system.

In 2018, we finalized our provisional accounting for the tax effects of the TCJA, based on our best estimates of available information and data, and have reported and disclosed the impacts within the applicable measurement period, in accordance with guidance issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and recorded a favorable adjustment of approximately $26 million to Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income. We believe that there may be additional interpretations, clarifications and guidance from the U.S. Department of Treasury. Any change to our calculations resulting from such additional interpretations, clarifications and guidance will be reflected in the period of issuance. In addition, our obligations may vary as a result of changes in our uncertain tax positions and/or availability of attributes such as foreign tax and other credit carryforwards.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

With respect to the aforementioned repatriation tax liability, our estimate is still approximately $4.3 billion, which is reported in current Income taxes payable (approximately $320 million) and the remaining liability is reported in noncurrent Other taxes payable in our combined balance sheet as of December 31, 2019. The first installment of $320 million was paid in April 2019.

The TCJA subjects a U.S. shareholder to current tax on global intangible low-taxed income earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Staff Q&A, Topic 740, No. 5, Accounting for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income, states that we are permitted to make an accounting policy election to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as global intangible low-taxed income in future years or provide for the tax expense related to such income in the year the tax is incurred. We have elected to recognize deferred taxes for temporary differences expected to reverse as global intangible low-taxed income in future years. In 2017, we provided a provisional deferred tax liability of approximately $90 million based on the evaluation of certain temporary differences inside each of our foreign subsidiaries that are expected to reverse as global intangible low-taxed income. In 2018, this estimate was finalized and we have provided for an increase in the deferred tax liability of approximately $22 million, resulting in a deferred tax liability of approximately $112 million.

In 2019, the Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income was impacted by the following:

In 2018, the Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income was impacted by the following:

In 2017, the Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income was impacted by the following:

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

B. Tax Rate Reconciliation

The reconciliation of the U.S. statutory income tax rate to our effective tax rate for income/(loss) follows:

C. Deferred Taxes

Deferred taxes arise as a result of basis differentials between financial statement accounting and tax amounts.

The components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, shown before jurisdictional netting, follow:

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have carryforwards, primarily related to net operating losses, which are available to reduce future international income taxes payable with either an indefinite life or expiring at various times from 2020-2034.

Valuation allowances are provided when we believe that our deferred tax assets are not recoverable based on an assessment of estimated future taxable income that incorporates ongoing, prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, that would be implemented, if necessary, to realize the deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2019, we have not made a U.S. tax provision on approximately $8 billion of unremitted earnings of our international subsidiaries. As these earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested overseas, the determination of a hypothetical unrecognized deferred tax liability as of December 31, 2019 is not practicable.

D. Tax Contingencies

We are subject to income tax in many jurisdictions, and a certain degree of estimation is required in recording the assets and liabilities related to income taxes. All our tax positions are subject to audit by the local taxing authorities in each tax jurisdiction. These tax audits can involve complex issues, interpretations and judgments and the resolution of matters may span multiple years, particularly if subject to negotiation or litigation. Our assessments are based on estimates and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by management, but our estimates of unrecognized tax benefits and potential tax benefits may not be representative of actual outcomes, and variation from such estimates could materially affect our financial statements in the period of settlement or when the statutes of limitations expire, as we treat these events as discrete items in the period of resolution.

For a description of our accounting policies associated with accounting for income tax contingencies, see Note 3N. For a description of the risks associated with estimates and assumptions, see Note 3B.

Uncertain Tax Positions

As tax law is complex and often subject to varied interpretations, it is uncertain whether some of our tax positions will be sustained upon audit. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately $908 million in net unrecognized tax benefits, excluding associated interest and, as of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $1.1 billion in net unrecognized tax benefits, excluding associated interest.

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NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits follows: